Hazards The mixture of potassium chlorate and red phosphorous is shock sensitive!! Red phosphorus is highly toxic and flammable. Using a clean spatula, carefully place a small amount of potassium chlorate onto the red phosphorus, so that the two match sized piles are touching.
Strike with hammer. When you rub the match on the box, you get friction, which means you get heat. This heat causes a small amount of the red phosphorus chain to be broken apart. It reacts immediately with a gas in the air called oxygen. This will create a lot more heat. So the story so far: the friction breaks the red phosphorous chain, which allows the white phosphorous to react with oxygen and the match starts to get hot.
Friction and white phosphorus have provided the starting heat, and now the match needs fuel and oxygen to continue to burn. It also comes from the wood in the matchstick. When it comes to oxygen, the match has a secret supply. When it gets hot, it releases a lot of extra oxygen and heat. This makes the match head burn quickly and strongly. The heads of safety matches don't contain this chemical, but the abrasive strip on the side of the box contains phosphorous sulfide made with red phosphorous along with powdered glass and a binder.
The red phosphorous provides the spark that ignites the match. Besides phosphorous sulfide, strike-anywhere match heads also contain potassium chlorate, which is an oxidizing agent. It decomposes during combustions and supplies oxygen to the phosphorous reaction, causing the match to burn brighter.
Tetraphosphorus trisulfide, also known as phosphorous sesquisulfide, is another common ingredient. It's a phosphorous compound free of white phosphorous used in conjunction with or instead of phosphorous sulfide. Glass powder and a binder round out the list of ingredients in these match heads. If you've ever tried to strike a safety match on sandpaper, you know that it won't ignite. The heads of these matches contain only sulfur, potassium chlorate, fillers and glass powder.
When you strike the match on the special surface on the side of the box, however, the heat of friction converts a small amount of the red phosphorous in the surface to white phosphorous, which spontaneously ignites. The resultant spark starts the potassium chlorate oxidation reaction, and the heat from that reaction ignites the sulfur in the match head. Striking end of the stick is then soaked in hot paraffin wax, which will provide small amount of fuel to the wood, enabling it to burn more easily.
After matches are transferred to the conveyor belt that is fileld with holes in which sticks are inserted, then they are carried to the tanks that contain two mix of chemicals. One to serve as a base, and one as a finalized layer of match head.
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