Sociologists have also addressed discrimination as an explanation for an observed phenomenon of interest, namely social stratification: the unequal distribution of status, material benefits, and political rights. Defining discrimination is a difficult task. Selecting among the competing definitions of discrimination has not only theoretical implications, but also methodological implications, because the definition determines the scope of empirical inquiry and appropriate methods for identification and study of the phenomenon.
Because discrimination is typically considered something antithetical to norms of fair and equal treatment in a democratic market society, there are also significant normative implications to defining discrimination.
Most definitions of discrimination cluster around two related yet distinguishable means of defining the phenomenon: intentional discrimination and disparate impact. Each of these two broad classes of definitions admits of a number of competing subdefinitions.
Pager and Shepherd and Blank, et al. Discrimination is often distinguished from other related phenomena such as racism, sexism, prejudice, or stereotypes in that discrimination refers to a set of behaviors, whereas the other concepts refer to ideology, attitudes, or beliefs that might, or might not, translate into discriminatory actions.
Allport is a classic and seminal conceptual treatment of discrimination, explored in relation to cognitive and attitudinal dispositions such as categorization, stereotypes, and prejudice.
Given the wide range of plausible definitions of discrimination, a researcher must first identify and justify his or her choice of a definition of discrimination before embarking on an explanatory or empirical agenda.
Allport, Gordon W. The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley. Blank, Rebecca M. Since the inherent abilities of different races are equal, it is argued, large differences in outcome are most plausibly explained by persistent racism. Others claim that these statistics are not the result of racism against blacks, but are the result of other factors, such as high crime rates in the inner cities, low standards in public schools, the illegal drug trade, and urban cultural decay, all of which disproportionately affect blacks who are concentrated in urban areas for historical reasons.
Genetic racists see the same data as evidence of racial inferiority rather than discrimination. Today, claims of racial discrimination in employment are still common. Another bone of contention is the relationship between police and racial minorities, especially blacks.
Do police departments tend to care more about protecting whites than blacks? Do they tend to harass innocent blacks and use excessive force when apprehending black suspects? Many would answer in the affirmative. Different forms of Affirmative Action. Weak Affirmative Action : Taking steps to ensure that discrimination based on race, gender, or other illegal criteria is eliminated through legal remedies targeted at individuals.
This might include: a Severe penalties for those who have been found guilty of discrimination e. Medium Affirmative Action : In cases where applicants either for a job or college admission are equally qualified, preference is given to the candidate who is a member of a racial group which has historically suffered from racial discrimination.
In medium affirmative action, race breaks ties. It does not mean that a less qualified candidate is hired over a more qualified candidate. In addition, medium affirmative action includes all of the protections of weak affirmative action. This will increase their representation but does not guarantee any specific proportion of the total. This is the standard way in which AA is practiced in college admissions.
This certainly sounds like a call for Weak Affirmative Action see above. Public Accommodations: All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, and privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin. It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer So where did the stronger forms of AA come from?
President Lyndon B. Johnson LBJ , June 4, This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result. The idea that affirmative action should be aimed at results and not just at ensuring equal legal rights is indicative of Strong Affirmative Action.
In , an executive order by President Nixon set definite goals and timetables for minority enrollment for federal contractors. Nixon: "We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment. To this day, there are no state or federal laws that require Strong Affirmative action anywhere. So why does it exist? Affirmative Action Today. From www. The Griggs vs.
Duke Power Company case of That case held that not only is intentional racial discrimination prohibited, but also hiring and employment policies that have perpetuated the effects of past discrimination.
In addition, arbitrary blocks against the employment and advancement of black employees that were unintentional are prohibited and to be removed by private employers. It was found that test results could not predict the applicant's actual job performance.
See discriminate , -ion. Words nearby discrimination discriminable , discriminant , discriminant function , discriminate , discriminating , discrimination , discrimination learning , discriminative , discriminator , discriminatory , discrown. Words related to discrimination bigotry , favoritism , hatred , inequity , injustice , intolerance , prejudice , unfairness , bias , partiality , wrong , acumen , acuteness , astuteness , clearness , decision , difference , differentiation , discernment , distinction.
How to use discrimination in a sentence No one should be at risk of discrimination simply because of who they are, whom they love, or the state in which they reside. How the Trump administration is getting around Bostock to allow anti-trans discrimination Chris Johnson September 16, Washington Blade.
The real cause of racism. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, No. Send us feedback. See more words from the same year. Accessed 12 Nov. More Definitions for discrimination. Nglish: Translation of discrimination for Spanish Speakers. Britannica English: Translation of discrimination for Arabic Speakers. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Log in Sign Up. Save Word. Essential Meaning of discrimination.
See More Examples He sued the company for age discrimination. Full Definition of discrimination.
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